Additional Useful Resources on Offsets
Official Policy Analysis and Inventories
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, EPA 430-R-09-004 (April 2009). This and other Economic Policy analysis done by EPA are available here >
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Preliminary analysis of the Waxman-Markey Discussion Draft: The American Clean Energy Act and Security Act of 2009 in the 111th Congress. April 2009. Available here >
European Environmental Agency. “Application of the Trading Emissions Directive by EU Member States – reporting year 2008”. Technical report no. 13/2008. Available here >
Murray, B.C., B.L. Sohngen, A.J. Sommer, B.M. Depro, K.M. Jones, B.A. McCarl, D. Gillig, B. DeAngelo, and K. Andrasko. 2005. EPA-R-05-006. "Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in U.S. Forestry and Agriculture." Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs. Available here >
New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Forestry in Emissions Trading Scheme. Available here >
General
Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Greenhouse Gas Offsets in Domestic Cap-and-Trade Program”, November 2008. Available here >
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2006, EPA 430- R08-005 (April 2008). Available here >
Richards, Kenneth and Krister Andersson. 2001. The leaky sink: Persistent obstacles to a forest carbon sequestration program based on individual projects. Climate Policy 1: 41-54. Available here >
Murray, B.C. 2004. “Overview of Agricultural and Forestry GHG Offsets on the U.S. Landscape.” Choices Fall:13-18. Available here >
Murray, B.C. 2003. “Carbon Sequestration: A Jointly Produced Forest Output.” Chapter 13 in Forests in a Market Economy, Kluwer.
*Hall, D.S. 2007. Offsets: Incentivizing Reductions While Managing Uncertainty and Ensuring Integrity. Issue Brief 15 in Assessing U.S. Climate Policy Options. Available here >
Capoor, Karan and Philippe Ambrosi. 2008. State and Trends of the Carbon Market. Washington, DC: World Bank. Executive Summary required. Available here >
Point Carbon. 2007. Carbon 2007: A new climate for carbon trading. Available here >
Siikamaki, J. and J. Maher. 2007. Climate Change and U.S. Agriculture. Issue Brief 13 in Assessing U.S. Climate Policy Options. Available here >
Offset Quality Initiative “Ensuring Offset Quality: Integrating High Quality Greenhouse Gas Offsets Into North American Cap-and-Trade Policy.” July 2008. Available here >
U.S. Government Accountability Office. “International Climate Change Programs: Lessons learned from the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme and the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism” November 2008. GAO-09-181. Available here >
Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Clean Development Mechanism Backgrounder”, October 2008, Available here >
Wara MW and DG Victor. 2008. “A Realistic Policy on International Carbon Offsets”. PESD Working Paper #74, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Available here >
Wara, M.W. 2008. “Measuring the Clean Development Mechanism’s Performance and Potential”. UCLA Law Review, 55(6): 1759-1803.
Available here >
Forest Management
Smith, Gordon. “Why emissions from forests should be capped” Guest Commentary. Point Carbon News. Vol 3. Issue 3. 13 February 2008. Available here >
Bigsby, Hugh. “Carbon Banking: Creating flexibility for forest owners.” Forest Ecology and Management 257 (2009) 378-383. Available here >
Galik, C.S., Jackson, R.B. 2009. Risks to forest carbon offset projects in a changing climate. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 2209-2216. Available here >
Malmsheimer, R.W. (Co-Editor), P. Heffernan (Co-Editor), S. Brink, D. Crandall, F. Deneke, C. Galik, E. Gee, J.A. Helms, N. McClure, M. Mortimer, S. Ruddell, M. Smith, J. Stewart. 2008. Forest Management Solutions for Mitigating Climate Change in the United States. Journal of Forestry 106(3):115-171. Available here >
Galik, C.S., D.deB. Richter, M.L. Mobley, L.P. Olander, and B.C. Murray. 2008. A Critical Comparison and Simulated “Field Test” of Forest Management Carbon Offset Protocols. Climate Change Policy Partnership, Duke University, Durham, NC. 46p. Available here >
Depro, B, B. Murray, R. Alig, A. Shanks. 2008. “Public Land, Timber Harvests, and Climate Mitigation: Quantifying Carbon Sequestration Potential on U.S. Public Timberlands.” Forest Ecology and Management 255:1122-1134. Abstract available here >
Co-Effects
Hurteau, M.D., Koch G.W., and Hungate B.A. (2008) “Carbon protection and fire risk reduction: toward a full accounting of forest carbon offsets” Frontier of Ecology and the Environment, 6: 493-498. Available here >
Jackson, R.B., et al. (2008). “Protecting climate with forests”. Environmental Research Letter, 3: 1-5. Available here >
Plantinga A.J. and J.J. Wu (2003). “Co-benefits from carbon sequestration in forests: evaluating reductions in agricultural externalities from an afforestation policy in Wisconsin” Land Economics, 79: 74-85. Available here >
Pattanayak, S.K. B.A. McCarl, A.J. Sommer, B.C. Murray, T. Bondelid, D. Gillig, and B. DeAngelo. 2005. “Water Quality Co-effects of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in U.S. Agriculture.” Climatic Change 71(3):341-372. Abstract available here >
Robert B. Jackson, Esteban G. Jobbágy, Roni Avissar, Somnath Baidya Roy, Damian J. Barrett, Charles W. Cook, Kathleen A. Farley, David C. le Maitre, Bruce A. McCarl, and Brian C. Murray (23 December 2005) Trading Water for Carbon with Biological Carbon Sequestration. Science 310 (5756). Available here >
Hongli Feng, Lyubov A. Kurkalova, Catherine L. Kling, Philip W. Gassman. 2007. Transfers and Environmental Co-benefits of carbon sequestration in Agricultural Soils: Retiring Agricultural Land in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. Climatic Change 80: 91-107. Paper available here >
Leakage
Gan J.B. and McCarl B.A. (2007). “Measuring transnational leakage of forest conservation” Ecological Economics, 62(2): 4232-432. Available here >
Sathaye, J, and K. Andrasko. 2007. “Special issue on estimation of baselines and leakage in carbon mitigation forestry projects.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume: 12, 963-970p. Available here >
Sohngen, B. and S. Brown. 2004. “Mitigating leakage from carbon projects in open economies: a stop timber harvesting project in Bolivia as a case study.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34: 829-839. Available here >
Murray, B.C., B.L. Sohngen, and M.T. Ross. 2007. “Economic Consequences of Consideration of Permanence, Leakage and Additionality for Soil Carbon Sequestration Projects.” Climatic Change 80:127-143. Abstract available here >
Murray, B.C., B.A. McCarl, and H. Lee. 2004. “Estimating Leakage from Forest Carbon Sequestration Programs.” Land Economics 80(1):109-124. Available here >
Murray, B.C. 2009. “Leakage from an Avoided Deforestation Compensation Policy: Concepts, Empirical Evidence, and Corrective Policy Options,” chapter in Avoided Deforestation: Prospects for Mitigating Climate Change, C. Palmer and S. Engel, (eds). (Oxford, UK: Routledge). Working paper available here >
Murray, B.C., B.L. Sohngen, and M.T. Ross. 2007. “Economic Consequences of Consideration of Permanence, Leakage and Additionality for Soil Carbon Sequestration Projects.” Climatic Change 80:127-143. Abstract available here >
Additionality
*Trexler, Mark, Derik Broekhoff, and Laura Kosloff. 2006. A statistically-driven approach to offset-based GHG additionality determinations. Sustainable Development Law & Policy 6(2):30-40. Available here >
Murray, B.C., B.L. Sohngen, and M.T. Ross. 2007. “Economic Consequences of Consideration of Permanence, Leakage and Additionality for Soil Carbon Sequestration Projects.” Climatic Change 80:127-143. Abstract available here >
Permanence
Kim, M, B.A. McCarl, and B.C. Murray. 2008. "Permanence Discounting for Land-Based Carbon Sequestration." Ecological Economics. 64:763-769. Abstract available here >
Murray, B.C., B.L. Sohngen, and M.T. Ross. 2007. “Economic Consequences of Consideration of Permanence, Leakage and Additionality for Soil Carbon Sequestration Projects.” Climatic Change 80:127-143. Abstract available here >
Voluntary Market
Ecosecurities, Forest carbon offsetting survey 2009, Available here >
Ecosystem Marketplace, New Carbon Finance, et al. May 2008. “Forging a Frontier: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2008”, Available here >
Kotchen, M.J. “Offsetting Green Guilt”. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009.
Available here >Voluntary Carbon Standard: Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use Guidance Document. November 2008. Copyright of the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) Association. Available here >
U.S. Government Accountability Office. “Carbon Offsets: The U.S. Voluntary Market is growing, but quality assurance poses challenges for market participants” August 2008. GAO-08-1048. Available Here >
California Climate Action Registry. Forest Project Protocol. Version 2.1. September
2007. Copyright California Climate Action Registry. Current version available here >
REDD
Center for Clean Air Policy. 2007. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation: The Dual Markets Approach. Future Actions Dialogue Working Paper, August 2007. Available here >
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). (2008) Moving ahead with REDD: issues, options, implications. Angelsen A. (ed.) Available here >
